|
Palestinian nationalism is the national movement of the Palestinian people. It has roots in the national liberation movements emerging in the 19th and 20th centuries, calling for the rejection of colonialism and movements calling for national independence.〔Dave Winter (1999) Israel handbook: with the Palestinian Authority areas Footprint Travel Guides, ISBN 1-900949-48-2 p 773〕 In opposition to pan-Arabism, Palestinian nationalism has emphasized Palestinian self-determination and has rejected the historic occupation of the Palestinian territories by Israel〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=No UN Vote Can Deny the Palestinian People Their Right to Self Determination )〕 and the non-domestic Arab rule by Egypt over the Gaza Strip and Jordan over the West Bank. ==Background== Before the development of modern nationalism, loyalty tended to focus on a city or a particular leader. The term "Nationalismus", translated as nationalism, was coined by Johann Gottfried Herder in the late 1770s. Palestinian nationalism has been compared to other nationalist movements, such as Pan-Arabism and Zionism. Some nationalists argue that "the nation was always there, indeed it is part of the natural order, even when it was submerged in the hearts of its members."〔Smith, Anthony D. "Gastronomy or geology? The role of nationalism in the reconstruction of nations." ''Nations and Nationalism'' 1, no. 1 (1994): 3–23. p. 18〕 In keeping with this philosophy, Al-Quds University states that although "Palestine was conquered in times past by ancient Egyptians, Hittites, Philistines, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Romans, Muslim Arabs, Mamlukes, Ottomans, the British, the Zionists … the population remained constant—and is now still Palestinian."〔Jerusalem, the Old City: An Introduction, Al-Quds University homepage () accessed on Mar 17, 2009〕 (Zachary J. Foster ) argued in a 2015 ''Foreign Affairs'' article that "based on hundreds of manuscripts, Islamic court records, books, magazines, and newspapers from the Ottoman period (1516–1918), it seems that the first Arab to use the term “Palestinian” was Farid Georges Kassab, a Beirut-based Orthodox Christian." He explained further that Kassab’s 1909 book ''Palestine, Hellenism, and Clericalism'' noted in passing that “the Orthodox Palestinian Ottomans call themselves Arabs, and are in fact Arabs,” despite describing the Arabic speakers of Palestine as Palestinians throughout the rest of the book."〔 ( Zachary Foster, "What's a Palestinian, ''Forei'gn Affairs,' 11 March 2015. ) (〕 In his 1997 book, ''Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness,'' historian Rashid Khalidi notes that the archaeological strata that denote the history of Palestine—encompassing the Biblical, Roman, Byzantine, Umayyad, Fatimid, Crusader, Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman periods—form part of the identity of the modern-day Palestinian people, as they have come to understand it over the last century,〔Khalidi, 1997, p. 18.〕 but derides the efforts of some Palestinian nationalists to attempt to "anachronistically" read back into history a nationalist consciousness that is in fact "relatively modern."〔Khalidi, 1997, p. 149.〕 Khalidi stresses that Palestinian identity has never been an exclusive one, with "Arabism, religion, and local loyalties" playing an important role.〔Khalidi, 1997, p. 19–21.〕 He argues that the modern national identity of Palestinians has its roots in nationalist discourses that emerged among the peoples of the Ottoman empire in the late 19th century which sharpened following the demarcation of modern nation-state boundaries in the Middle East after World War I.〔 He acknowledges that Zionism played a role in shaping this identity, though "it is a serious mistake to suggest that Palestinian identity emerged mainly as a response to Zionism."〔 Khalidi describes the Arab population of British Mandatory Palestine as having "overlapping identities," with some or many expressing loyalties to villages, regions, a projected nation of Palestine, an alternative of inclusion in a Greater Syria, an Arab national project, as well as to Islam.〔Provence, Michael (2005) ''The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism'', University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-70680-4 p. 158〕 He writes that,"local patriotism could not yet be described as nation-state nationalism."〔Rashid Khalidi (1997) ''Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness'', Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-10515-0 p. 32〕 Israeli historian Haim Gerber, a professor of Islamic History at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, traces Arab nationalism back to a 17th-century religious leader, Mufti Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (1585–1671)〔Khayr al-Din al-Ramli〕 who lived in Ramla. He claims that Khayr al-Din al-Ramli's religious edicts (fatwa, plural fatawa), collected into final form in 1670 under the name ''al-Fatawa al-Khayriyah'', attest to territorial awareness: "These fatawa are a contemporary record of the time, and also give a complex view of agrarian relations." Mufti Khayr al-Din al-Ramli's 1670 collection entitled ''al-Fatawa al-Khayriyah'' mentions the concepts Filastin, biladuna (our country), al-Sham (Syria), Misr (Egypt), and diyar (country), in senses that appear to go beyond objective geography. Gerber describes this as "embryonic territorial awareness, though the reference is to social awareness rather than to a political one."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=JSTOR )〕 Baruch Kimmerling and Joel Migdal consider the 1834 Arab revolt in Palestine as the first formative event of the Palestinian people,〔Kimmerling, Baruch and Migdal, Joel S, (2003) ''The Palestinian People: A History, Cambridge, Harvard University Press'', ISBN 0-674-01131-7 pp. 6–11〕 whereas Benny Morris attests that the Arabs in Palestine remained part of a larger Pan-Islamist or Pan-Arab national movement.〔Benny Morris, ''Righteous Victims'', pp. 40–42 in the French edition.〕 In his book ''The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War'', James L. Gelvin states that "Palestinian nationalism emerged during the interwar period in response to Zionist immigration and settlement."〔Gelvin, 2005, pp. 92–93.〕 However, this does not make Palestinian identity any less legitimate: "The fact that Palestinian nationalism developed later than Zionism and indeed in response to it does not in any way diminish the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism or make it less valid than Zionism. All nationalisms arise in opposition to some "other." Why else would there be the need to specify who you are? And all nationalisms are defined by what they oppose."〔 Bernard Lewis argues it was not as a Palestinian nation that the Palestinian Arabs of the Ottoman empire objected to Zionists, since the very concept of such a nation was unknown to the Arabs of the area at the time and did not come into being until later. Even the concept of Arab nationalism in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire, "had not reached significant proportions before the outbreak of World War I." Daniel Pipes asserts that "No 'Palestinian Arab people' existed at the start of 1920 but by December it took shape in a form recognizably similar to today's." Pipes argues that with the carving of the British Mandate of Palestine out of Greater Syria the Arabs of the new Mandate were forced to make the best they could of their situation, and therefore began to define themselves as Palestinian.〔"The Year the Arabs Discovered Palestine", by Daniel Pipes, ''Jerusalem Post'', September 13, 2000 ()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Palestinian nationalism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|